UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY

The great majority of medicines on the market today are tiny molecule pharmaceuticals with a few hundred atoms or fewer.These pharmaceuticals, which account for 90% of global drug sales, range from ordinary over-the-counter remedies like aspirin to complex targeted therapies used to treat diseases like cancer, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, and respiratory infections. The process of identifying and developing novel small molecule medications, on the other hand, is both expensive and time-consuming, frequently taking a decade and costing upwards of $1-2 billion, with a shocking 90% of drug candidates failing in clinical trials. Fortunately, artificial intelligence (AI) has enormous potential for speeding up drug discovery by allowing researchers to quickly identify the most appropriate compounds. Finding new small-molecule medications is a time-consuming, iterative process that includes examining thousands of chemical compounds to find the best one. The first step in the procedure is for scientists to discover a prospective therapeutic target, such as an enzyme that plays an important role in a disease. Medicinal chemists then set out to find a tiny molecule that can alter the target's activity. To demonstrate its efficacy as a successful medicine, the chemical must contain several additional critical 'drug-like' features, such as non-toxicity, solubility, and stability inside the body, in addition to generating the required biological reaction. High-throughput screening, which uses automated technology to rapidly screen enormous collections of small compounds for potential hits with the requisite activity against the target, is the traditional technique of finding prospective drug candidates.  The next stage is to turn these findings into lead compounds that could one day be used to create effective medications. This procedure, known colloquially as hit-to-lead, entails a sequence of chemical alterations to the hit molecules to improve their potency, selectivity, and other drug-like qualities. The hit-to-lead process frequently requires multiple iterations of chemical synthesis, biological testing, and computer modeling, all of which take a significant amount of time, resources, and skill. Furthermore, a significant number of these early compounds are eliminated during succeeding stages of development due to ineffectiveness, inadequate drug-like qualities, or difficulties in chemical synthesis.