WATER QUALITY STATUS OF AN URBAN LAKE, DAL IN KASHMIR HIMALAYA, INDIA
UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY,
Page 1-9
Abstract
Accurate and timely information describing aquatic ecosystems and their changes over time, especially in urban areas, are becoming more important. The present study analyzed the water quality status of an urban lake, Dal in Kashmir Valley. Water quality parameters were assessed using standard methodology of American Public Health Administration. The physico-chemical and biological analysis of surface water quality revealed that the lake is heavily polluted with organic and inorganic wastes of human origin. The water quality data pertaining to various physio-chemical and biological parameters of Dal Lake were compared with the standards set forth by World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking purposes, and it was found that certain parameters like pH, alkalinity, and coliform have crossed the desirable limits. The water quality index (WQI) of the lake ranged from 185.8 in winter to a maximum of 17217.7 in summer, hence, the waters of the lake are not suitable for drinking water purposes. Overall, the anthropogenic activities like dumping of raw fecal matter from houseboats, untreated sewage from settlements, and fertilizer runoff from the catchment areas are found to be the main factors responsible for nutrient enrichment and water quality degradation of this important urban lake. Therefore, a continuous program of water quality monitoring across the lake surface to maintain the health of the lake is needed to ensure the betterment of this important aquatic ecosystem.
Keywords:
- Dal Lake
- water quality
- nitrate
- drinking water
- organic pollutants
- Kashmir valley
How to Cite
DAR, S. A., & SRIVASTAVA, P. (2021). WATER QUALITY STATUS OF AN URBAN LAKE, DAL IN KASHMIR HIMALAYA, INDIA. UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, 42(20), 1-9. Retrieved from https://mbimph.com/index.php/UPJOZ/article/view/2484
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Fraterrigo JM, Downing JA. The influence of land use on lake nutrients varies with watershed transport capacity. Ecosystems. 2008;11(7):1021-1034.
Dar SA, Bhat SU, Aneaus S, Rashid I. A geospatial approach for limnological characterization of Nigeen Lake, Kashmir Himalaya. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2020a;192(2):1-18. Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-8091-y
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Dar SA, Bhat SU, Rashid I, Dar SA. Current status of wetlands in Srinagar City: Threats, management strategies, and future perspectives. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2020b;7:199. Available:https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00199
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Shah JA, Pandit AK, Shah GM. Physico-chemical limnology of Lakes in Kashmir Himalaya, India. Science and Technology. 2019;12(3):149-56.
Tahseen AA, Balkhi MH. Trophic status assessment of Anchar Lake, Kashmir. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2018;7(4):1154-1156. Available:http://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2018/vol7issue4/PartS/7-4-36-183.pdf
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Timmerman JG, Beinat E, Termeer K, Cofino W. Analyzing the data-rich-but-information-poor syndrome in Dutch water management in historical perspective. Environmental management. 2010;45(5):1231-1242.
American Public Health Association (APHA). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. 21st edn. Washington, DC; 2005.
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Hector RA, Manuel CC, Rey MQ, Ruben AST, Adan PM. An overall water quality index (WQI) for a man-made aquatic reservoir in Mexico. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012; 9:1687–1698.
Bhat SA, Pandit AK. Surface water quality assessment of Wular Lake, a Ramsar site in Kashmir Himalaya, using discriminant analysis and WQI. Journal of Ecosystems; 2014. Available:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/724728
Ganai AH, Parveen S. Effect of physico-chemical conditions on the structure and composition of the phytoplankton community in Wular Lake at Lankrishipora, Kashmir. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation. 2014;6(1):71-84.
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WHO. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. WHO chronicle. 2011;38(4):104-108.
Siraj S, Tabasum S, Bashir A. Assessment of Physico-chemical Parameters and rotifera of Brarinambal basin of Dal Lake, Kashmir. International Journal of Theoretical & Applied Sciences. 2018;10(1):126-131.
Pedge SS, Ahirrao SD. Assessment of environmental impact on Lonar Lake water, (MS) India. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research. 2013;15(9):1285-1289.
Pandit AK, Rather GH. Nutrient status of Anchar Lake Kashmir Himalaya. Journal of Himalayan Ecology and Sustainable Development. 2006;1:87-89.
Pandit AK. Topical evolution of lakes in Kashmir Himalaya. Natural resources of western Himalaya. Valley Book House, Srinagar J&K. 2002;213-242.
Antonopoulos VZ, Gianniou SK. Simulation of water temperature and dissolved oxygen distribution in Lake Vegoritis, Greece. Ecological Modelling. 2003;160(1-2): 39-53.
Ray JG, Santhakumaran P, Kookal S. Phytoplankton communities of eutrophic freshwater bodies (Kerala, India) in relation to the physicochemical water quality parameters. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2020;1-32. Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00579-y
Grochowska J. Assessment of water buffer capacity of two morphometrically different, Degraded, Urban Lakes. Water. 2020;12(5):1512.
Tiwari AK, Singh AK, Singh AK, Singh MP. Hydrogeochemical analysis and evaluation of surface water quality of Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Applied Water Science. 2017;7(4):1609-1623. Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0313-z
Parveen M, Bhat MS, Haq S. Studies on physico-chemical characteristics of Dal lake, Srinagar Kashmir. International Journal of Current Research. 2013;5(6):1352-1354.
Xu J, Ho AY, Yin K, Yuan X, Anderson DM, Lee JH, Harrison PJ. Temporal and spatial variations in nutrient stoichiometry and regulation of phytoplankton biomass in Hong Kong waters: Influence of the Pearl River outflow and sewage inputs. Marine pollution bulletin. 2008;57(6-12):335-348.
Kaur A, Abubakr A, Hassan SS. Trophic status assessment of Nigeen Lake, Kashmir (India). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 2018;6:1004-1009.
Saleem S, Kamili AN, Kakru DK, Bandh SA. Water quality assessment of Dal Lake, Kashmir using the coliforms as indicator bacteria. J New Biol Rep. 2013;2(1):30-35.
Bohra DL, Modasiya V, Bahura CK. Distribution of coliform bacteria in waste water. Microbiology Research. 2012;3(1): 5-7.
Kaul V. Limnological survey of Kashmir lakes with reference to trophic status and conservation. Int. J. Ecol. Environ. Sci. 1977;3: 29-44.
Dar SA, Rashid I, Bhat SU. Land system transformations govern the trophic status of an urban wetland ecosystem: Perspectives from remote sensing and water quality analysis. Land Degradation & Development. 2021;1-18. Available:https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3924
Dudgeon D, Arthington AH, Gessner MO, Kawabata ZI, Knowler DJ, Lévêque C, Sullivan CA. Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats, status and conservation challenges. Biological reviews. 2006 ;81(2):163-182.
Walsh PJ, Milon JW. Nutrient standards, water quality indicators, and economic benefits from water quality regulations. Environmental and Resource Economics. 2016;64(4):643-661.
Fraterrigo JM, Downing JA. The influence of land use on lake nutrients varies with watershed transport capacity. Ecosystems. 2008;11(7):1021-1034.
Dar SA, Bhat SU, Aneaus S, Rashid I. A geospatial approach for limnological characterization of Nigeen Lake, Kashmir Himalaya. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2020a;192(2):1-18. Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-8091-y
Hairston NG Jr, Fussmann GF. Lake ecosystems. In eLS, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (Ed.); 2014.
Yu D, Shi P, Liu Y, Xun B. Detecting land use-water quality relationships from the viewpoint of ecological restoration in an urban area. Ecological Engineering. 2013;53:205-216.
Dar SA, Bhat SU, Rashid I, Dar SA. Current status of wetlands in Srinagar City: Threats, management strategies, and future perspectives. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2020b;7:199. Available:https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00199
O'Reilly CM, Alin SR, Plisnier PD, Cohen AS, McKee BA. Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa. Nature. 2003;424(6950):766-768.
Smith VH. Eutrophication of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems a global problem. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2003;10(2):126-139.
Shah JA, Pandit AK, Shah GM. Physico-chemical limnology of Lakes in Kashmir Himalaya, India. Science and Technology. 2019;12(3):149-56.
Tahseen AA, Balkhi MH. Trophic status assessment of Anchar Lake, Kashmir. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2018;7(4):1154-1156. Available:http://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2018/vol7issue4/PartS/7-4-36-183.pdf
Rumysa K, Sharique AA, Tariq Z, Farooq M, Bilal A, Pinky K. Physico chemical status of Wular Lake in Kashmir. Journal of Chemistry, Biology and Physics Science. 2012;31:631-636.
Timmerman JG, Beinat E, Termeer K, Cofino W. Analyzing the data-rich-but-information-poor syndrome in Dutch water management in historical perspective. Environmental management. 2010;45(5):1231-1242.
American Public Health Association (APHA). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. 21st edn. Washington, DC; 2005.
Bakare AA, Lateef A, Amuda OS, Afolabi RO. The aquatic toxicity and characterization of chemical and microbiological constituents of water samples from Oba River, Odo-Oba, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Microbiology Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences. 2003;5(1):11-17.
Hector RA, Manuel CC, Rey MQ, Ruben AST, Adan PM. An overall water quality index (WQI) for a man-made aquatic reservoir in Mexico. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012; 9:1687–1698.
Bhat SA, Pandit AK. Surface water quality assessment of Wular Lake, a Ramsar site in Kashmir Himalaya, using discriminant analysis and WQI. Journal of Ecosystems; 2014. Available:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/724728
Ganai AH, Parveen S. Effect of physico-chemical conditions on the structure and composition of the phytoplankton community in Wular Lake at Lankrishipora, Kashmir. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation. 2014;6(1):71-84.
Malik M, Balkhi MH, Abubakr A, Bhat F. Assessment of trophic State of Nagin Lake based on limnological and bacteriological studies. Nature Environment & Pollution Technology. 2017;16(2).
WHO. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. WHO chronicle. 2011;38(4):104-108.
Siraj S, Tabasum S, Bashir A. Assessment of Physico-chemical Parameters and rotifera of Brarinambal basin of Dal Lake, Kashmir. International Journal of Theoretical & Applied Sciences. 2018;10(1):126-131.
Pedge SS, Ahirrao SD. Assessment of environmental impact on Lonar Lake water, (MS) India. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research. 2013;15(9):1285-1289.
Pandit AK, Rather GH. Nutrient status of Anchar Lake Kashmir Himalaya. Journal of Himalayan Ecology and Sustainable Development. 2006;1:87-89.
Pandit AK. Topical evolution of lakes in Kashmir Himalaya. Natural resources of western Himalaya. Valley Book House, Srinagar J&K. 2002;213-242.
Antonopoulos VZ, Gianniou SK. Simulation of water temperature and dissolved oxygen distribution in Lake Vegoritis, Greece. Ecological Modelling. 2003;160(1-2): 39-53.
Ray JG, Santhakumaran P, Kookal S. Phytoplankton communities of eutrophic freshwater bodies (Kerala, India) in relation to the physicochemical water quality parameters. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2020;1-32. Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00579-y
Grochowska J. Assessment of water buffer capacity of two morphometrically different, Degraded, Urban Lakes. Water. 2020;12(5):1512.
Tiwari AK, Singh AK, Singh AK, Singh MP. Hydrogeochemical analysis and evaluation of surface water quality of Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Applied Water Science. 2017;7(4):1609-1623. Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0313-z
Parveen M, Bhat MS, Haq S. Studies on physico-chemical characteristics of Dal lake, Srinagar Kashmir. International Journal of Current Research. 2013;5(6):1352-1354.
Xu J, Ho AY, Yin K, Yuan X, Anderson DM, Lee JH, Harrison PJ. Temporal and spatial variations in nutrient stoichiometry and regulation of phytoplankton biomass in Hong Kong waters: Influence of the Pearl River outflow and sewage inputs. Marine pollution bulletin. 2008;57(6-12):335-348.
Kaur A, Abubakr A, Hassan SS. Trophic status assessment of Nigeen Lake, Kashmir (India). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 2018;6:1004-1009.
Saleem S, Kamili AN, Kakru DK, Bandh SA. Water quality assessment of Dal Lake, Kashmir using the coliforms as indicator bacteria. J New Biol Rep. 2013;2(1):30-35.
Bohra DL, Modasiya V, Bahura CK. Distribution of coliform bacteria in waste water. Microbiology Research. 2012;3(1): 5-7.
Kaul V. Limnological survey of Kashmir lakes with reference to trophic status and conservation. Int. J. Ecol. Environ. Sci. 1977;3: 29-44.
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